Numerical simulations of microstructures using the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elle</Emphasis> platform: A modern research and teaching tool     

S. Piazolo  M. W. Jessell  P. D. Bons  L. Evans  J. K. Becker 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(1):110-127

The last 20 years have seen a manifold increase in the application of numerical simulations in the earth sciences. This contribution aims to provide an overview of the possibilities of using numerical techniques, in particular the numerical simulation package Elle, as an aid in the training for microstructural interpretation in rocks. Three sets of experiments are described to illustrate the range of simulations currently possible, investigating the effects of grain growth, polyphase deformation and dynamic recrystallisation. Numerical simulations of static annealing of a pre-deformed natural sample show that Crystallographic Preferred Orientations can still be used for the interpretation of kinematic and deformation conditions, even after substantial postdeformational annealing. However, the grain network characteristics such as grain size, grain size distribution, boundary shapes and aspect ratios are rapidly altered during annealing, especially if the grains possessed highly contrasting internal strain energies.  相似文献   

Age constraints on faulting and fault reactivation: a multi-chronological approach   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Wolfgang Siebel  Horst P. Hann  Martin Danišík  Cosmas K. Shang  Christoph Berthold  Johann Rohrmüller  Klaus Wemmer  Noreen J. Evans 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(6):1187-1197

Movement within the Earth’s upper crust is commonly accommodated by faults or shear zones, ranging in scale from micro-displacements to regional tectonic lineaments. Since faults are active on different time scales and can be repeatedly reactivated, their displacement chronology is difficult to reconstruct. This study represents a multi-geochronological approach to unravel the evolution of an intracontinental fault zone locality along the Danube Fault, central Europe. At the investigated fault locality, ancient motion has produced a cataclastic deformation zone in which the cataclastic material was subjected to hydrothermal alteration and K-feldspar was almost completely replaced by illite and other phyllosilicates. Five different geochronological techniques (zircon Pb-evaporation, K–Ar and Rb–Sr illite, apatite fission track and fluorite (U-Th)/He) have been applied to explore the temporal fault activity. The upper time limit for initiation of faulting is constrained by the crystallization age of the primary rock type (known as “Kristallgranit”) at 325 ± 7 Ma, whereas the K–Ar and Rb–Sr ages of two illite fractions <2 μm (266–255 Ma) are interpreted to date fluid infiltration events during the final stage of the cataclastic deformation period. During this time, the “Kristallgranit” was already at or near the Earth’s surface as indicated by the sedimentary record and thermal modelling results of apatite fission track data. (U–Th)/He thermochronology of two single fluorite grains from a fluorite–quartz vein within the fault zone yield Cretaceous ages that clearly postdate their Late-Variscan mineralization age. We propose that later reactivation of the fault caused loss of helium in the fluorites. This assertion is supported by geological evidence, i.e. offsets of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments along the fault and apatite fission track thermal modelling results are consistent with the prevalence of elevated temperatures (50–80°C) in the fault zone during the Cretaceous.  相似文献   

得尔布干成矿带太平川铜钼矿床含CH_4流体包裹体研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

黄世武  张连昌  李克庆  陈志广  吴华英  相鹏  张晓静 《岩石学报》2010,26(5):1386-1396

太平川斑岩铜钼矿床位于得尔布干断裂西北侧,成矿斑岩时代为200Ma左右。该斑岩铜钼矿可划分为3个成矿阶段:早阶段为辉钼矿-黄铁矿(黄铜矿)-石英组合,中阶段为黄铜矿-黄铁矿(辉钼矿)-石英组合,晚阶段以碳酸盐-黄铁矿-石英脉为特征。石英脉中可见含子晶三相、含子晶两相、CH4-H2O和NaCl-H2O四类包裹体,早阶段发育含子晶和CH4-H2O包裹体,中、晚阶段以NaCl-H2O类包裹体为主。成矿早、中、晚各阶段流体包裹体的均一温度分别分布在340～500℃、158.8～360.5℃和147.8～219.7℃,相应盐度为10.1%～55.8%NaCleqv、0.7%～10.9%NaCleqv和2.1%～10.9%NaCleqv。激光拉曼探针测试显示,早、中阶段包裹体含有CH4和H2O,晚阶段包裹体则以盐水溶液为主。早阶段多种类型包裹体共生,均一温度相近,且均一方式多样,指示早阶段流体发生过沸腾作用。本文认为早阶段成矿作用主要与高温、高盐度、含CH4流体的沸腾作用有关,中-晚阶段成矿作用显示出不同来源流体的混合作用特征。成矿构造环境可能是蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲所形成的陆缘弧。  相似文献   

满洲鳄:中国辽宁晚中生代半水生爬行动物   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高克勤  Susan E.Evans  季强  Mark Norell  姬书安 《现代地质》2000,14(3):323-326

发现于辽宁西部凌源晚侏罗世 /早白垩世非海相义县组中的满洲鳄 ( Monjurosuchus)化石新材料 ,为解决其系统位置这一长久争议的问题提供了确切的实物依据 :满洲鳄为双孔型离鳄类 ( Choristodera)爬行动物中一较原始成员。保存精美的、独一无二的表皮构造使我们对该类中生代爬行动物的外表特征有了新的认识。满洲鳄四足具蹼 ,它至少是半水生的。  相似文献   

Fear of crime: testing alternative hypotheses     

David J. Evans  Mike Fletcher 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2000,20(4):361

This paper examines the spatial and social distribution of the fear of crime and the relationships of such fear with aspects of the environment. Through an analysis of a questionnaire survey conducted in a variety of areas in Stoke-on-Trent in the English Midlands, it considers both the causes of the fear of crime and the associations that have been identified with other dimensions shaping vulnerability. It concludes by offering some guidance on how to address the differences between those populations who fear crime most and those who are most vulnerable.  相似文献   

The continuing saga of Sakurai's object (V4334 Sgr): dust production and helium line emission     

V. H. Tyne  S. P. S. Eyres  T. R. Geballe  A. Evans  B. Smalley  H. W. Duerbeck  M. Asplund 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,315(3):595-599

We report further UKIRT spectroscopic observations of Sakurai's object (V4334 Sgr) made in 1999 April/May in the 1–4.75 μm range, and find that the emission is dominated by amorphous carbon at T _d~600 K. The estimated maximum grain size is 0.6 μm, and the mass lower limit is 1.7±0.2×10⁻⁸ M_⊙ to 8.9±0.6×10⁻⁷ M_⊙ for distances of 1.1–8 kpc. For 3.8 kpc the mass is 2.0±0.1×10⁻⁷ M_⊙.
We also report strong He  i emission at 1.083 μm, in contrast to the strong absorption in this line in 1998. We conclude that the excitation is collisional, and is probably caused by a wind, consistent with the P Cygni profile observed by Eyres et al. in 1998.  相似文献   

In vivo and in vitro effects of benzothiazole on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).     

J J Evans  C A Shoemaker  P H Klesius 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5):257-261

Benzothiazole, a common chemical associated with tire manufacturing and industrial wastewater, is a principal component of both fresh water and estuarine tire leachate, a neurotoxicant to larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) in in vivo estuarine studies. The neurotoxic potential of benzothiazole was investigated following in vivo and in vitro exposure of sheepshead minnows to 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/l benzothiazole. Following benzothiazole exposure, fish were evaluated for survival, growth and histological alterations. Fish mortality occurred after 5 days of exposure to 60 mg/l (LC50 = 41.9). Significant decreases in larval growth were noted at all concentrations. Histologically, gills had cellular alterations but the central nervous system lacked the severe cellular damage seen in previous tire leachate exposure studies. Benzothiazole cytotoxicity to primary cultures of brain cells from sheepshead minnow and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and two epithelial cell lines was evaluated using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT) at 1 and 4 days. In vitro results indicate primary cultures of brain cells are less sensitive to benzothiazole than epithelial cell lines. Significant cytotoxicity to the epithelial cell lines was noted at 30 and 60 mg/l concentrations. Histologically and cytotoxicologically, the present study indicates that benzothiazole is a gill toxicant and not a neurotoxicant.  相似文献   

Benthic foraminifera and sediment grain size variability at intermediate water depths in the Northeast Atlantic during the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene     

W. E. N. Austin  J. R. Evans 《Marine Geology》2000,170(3-4):423-441

Sedimentological and faunal records from the transitional period marking the onset of widespread northern hemisphere glaciation have been investigated at Ocean Drilling Program Site 984. The late Pliocene interglacial sediments of the northeast Atlantic are carbonate rich and show evidence of vigorous bottom water circulation at intermediate water depths. Contrasting this, the late Pliocene glacial sediments are characterised by carbonate dissolution and slower bottom current velocities. Weak or “leaky” Norwegian Sea overflows, undersaturated with respect to carbonate, influenced this region during the late Pliocene glacials. The early Pleistocene pattern of intermediate water circulation appears to have changed radically in the northeast Atlantic. At this time, interglacial carbonate values and inferred bottom current velocities are low. This suggests slow-flowing, undersaturated Norwegian Sea water bathing the site. The overflow increased during the early Pleistocene interglacials as the exchange between the Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Seas improved. The most significant feature of the early Pleistocene glacials is the increase in inferred bottom current velocity. These changes reflect a switch in deep North Atlantic convection to shallower depths during glacial periods, possibly in a manner similar to the increasing contribution of glacial intermediate water to the North Atlantic during the late Pleistocene glacials. Our results suggest that the late Pleistocene climate variability of the North Atlantic is a pervasive feature of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene record.  相似文献   

The seismic anomaly beneath Iceland extends down to the mantle transition zone and no deeper   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

G. R. Foulger  M. J. Pritchard  B. R. Julian  J. R. Evans  R. M. Allen  G. Nolet  W. J. Morgan  B. H. Bergsson  P. Erlendsson  S. Jakobsdóttir  S. Ragnarsson  R. Stefansson  K. Vogfjörd 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,142(3):F1-F5

A 3-D teleseismic tomography image of the upper mantle beneath Iceland of unprecedented resolution reveals a subvertical low wave speed anomaly that is cylindrical in the upper 250 km but tabular below this. Such a morphological transition is expected towards the bottom of a buoyant upwelling. Our observations thus suggest that magmatism at the Iceland hotspot is fed by flow rising from the mantle transition zone. This result contributes to the ongoing debate about whether the upper and lower mantles convect separately or as one. The image also suggests that material flows outwards from Iceland along the Reykjanes Ridge in the upper 200 km, but is blocked in the upper 150 km beneath the Tjornes Fracture Zone. This provides direct observational support for the theory that fracture zones dam lateral flow along ridges.  相似文献   

Geophysical and structural signatures of syntectonic batholith construction: the South Mountain Batholith, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

K. Benn  W. R. Roest  P. Rochette  N. G. Evans  & G. S. Pignotta 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,136(1):144-158

The Late Devonian South Mountain Batholith is a very large (7000 km²) composite peraluminous granitoid complex situated within the Meguma Terrane of the northern Appalachians. It is made up of two suites of granodioritic to leucogranitic plutons emplaced at approximately 380–370 Ma during the Acadian Orogeny, i.e. during the collision of Gondwana with the eastern margin of North America. A significant geophysical and geological database makes the South Mountain Batholith a type example of a very large syntectonic batholith emplaced within a collisional orogen. Gravity models reveal the plutons have flat or gently dipping floors at approximately 7.0 km depth and aspect ratios >6:1. They are underlain by deeper (>10 km) elongate northeast–southwest-trending roots that may indicate magma feeder zones. Dyke transport of granitic magma and the progressive construction of plutons by sheet injections are supported by field observations and by mapping of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at the pluton scale. The very narrow deformation aureole within the country rocks suggests lateral spreading of the plutons was not the main space creation mechanism during emplacement; space was mostly created by vertical displacements of country rocks. The data are consistent with a laccolithic model for syntectonic batholith assembly. The laccolithic plutons may have been emplaced at the base of the Meguma Supergroup metasedimentary rocks, suggesting a maximum thickness of approximately 7.0 km for the supracrustal rocks in the Meguma Terrane.  相似文献